Conduct disorder (CD)
Conduct disorder (CD)
What is CD?
Conduct disorder (CD) refers to a set of problem behaviours exhibited by children and adolescents, which may involve the violation of a person, their rights or their property. It is characterised by aggression and, sometimes, law-breaking activities.
CD is one of a group of behavioural disorders known collectively as
disruptive behaviour disorders
, which include
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
and
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
.
Early intervention and treatment is important, since children with untreated CD are at increased risk of developing a range of problems during their adult years including substance use, personality disorders and mental illnesses.
The characteristics of CD
Some of the typical behaviours of a child with CD may include:
refusal to obey parents or other authority figures
truancy
tendency to use drugs, including tobacco and alcohol, at a very early age
lack of empathy for others
spiteful and vengeful behaviour
being aggressive to animals
being aggressive to people, including bullying and physical or sexual abuse
tendency to hang out in gangs
keenness to start physical fights
using weapons in physical fights
lying
law-breaking behaviour such as stealing, deliberately lighting fires, breaking into houses, shoplifting, sexual abuse and vandalism
a tendency to run away
learning difficulties
low self-esteem
suicidal tendencies.
The link to other behavioural disorders
A child who ultimately develops CD is usually irritable and temperamental during babyhood – although most difficult babies do not develop conduct disorder. The milder oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) usually develops before CD. Constant defiance, hostility and a hair-trigger temper are common characteristics of ODD.
Around one-third of children with CD also have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). One in 5 children with CD are depressed. CD is typically diagnosed when the child is between 10 and 16 years of age, with boys generally diagnosed at an earlier age than girls.
The influence of the family
The causes of disruptive behaviour disorders are unknown but researchers have found that while not all children with CD have family difficulties a child’s family life is a strong risk factor for many. Some of the factors that increase a child’s risk of developing CD include:
parents who do not set limits on a child’s behaviour
parents who do not follow through with consequences for unacceptable behaviour (for example, a parent may threaten to withdraw television for a night but then not follow through when the child’s behaviour doesn’t change)
lack of parental monitoring of a child’s or adolescent’s whereabouts
unhappy family life with many arguments
poverty
large family
aggressive parenting, particularly from the father.
marital conflict
domestic violence
parents with a mental health problem
parents who are involved in law-breaking behaviour
child abuse
living in institutionalised care.
Other factors
Other factors that may contribute to the development of CD or exacerbate the characteristics of the disorder include:
gender – boys are twice as likely as girls to have CD
peer group
substance misuse
mood disorders
learning difficulties
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
depression
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
brain damage.
Possible consequences
Untreated, some of the possible consequences in adulthood for children with CD include:
mental health problems, including personality disorders
depression
alcoholism
drug dependency
law-breaking lifestyle.
Diagnosis of CD
CD shares similarities with ODD and ADHD, which makes diagnosis difficult. CD needs to be professionally diagnosed by a child or adolescent psychologist, child psychiatrist or paediatrician specialising in the area of behaviour disorders.
The professional will make their assessment based on observation and interviews with the parents, the adolescent and teachers. The adolescent’s behaviour is compared to a checklist in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
from the American Psychiatric Association. If sufficient criteria are met, a diagnosis of CD can be made.
Treatment of CD
One of the greatest challenges in treating a child with CD is to overcome their mistrust of others, particularly authority figures. The child’s unwillingness to follow any rules must also be taken into account. It may take some time to unravel the various factors that contribute to the child’s behaviour and take appropriate action.
Treatment depends on the individual but may include:
behaviour therapy
cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
anger management
stress management
social skills training
special education program
parent management training
family therapy
multisystemic therapy
integrated approach by family, teachers and other carers
management of any co-existing problems
medication (in case of co-existing depression or ADHD).
Where to get help
Your
GP (doctor)
– for a referral to a specialised service
Child or adolescent psychologist
Child psychiatrist
Child Health and Safety Resource Centre
(CHAS)
External Link
Tel.
(03) 9345 6429
Association for Children with a
Disability
External Link
Tel.
(03) 9880 7000
or
1800 654 013
(regional)