Abdominal Birth Defects

The organs of the digestive system—intestines, stomach, pancreas, and liver—are located in the abdomen, separated from the chest cavity by the diaphragm. During fetal development, the diaphragm or abdominal wall may fail to properly fuse, allowing the abdominal organs to protrude.

Types of Abdominal Birth Defects

Diaphragmatic Hernia

• Abnormal hole in the diaphragm.
• Abdominal organs develop inside the ribcage.
• Symptoms include breathing difficulties and a flat abdomen.

Exomphalos

• Abnormal hole in the abdominal wall at the navel.
• Organs are covered by the abdominal membrane instead of skin.
• Often associated with other birth defects.

Gastroschisis

• Hernia through the abdominal wall instead of the navel.
• Protruding organs are not sheathed with the protective peritoneum.
• Requires immediate surgery after birth.

Treatment Options

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Diaphragmatic hernia is diagnosed by physical examination and chest x-rays. This defect is potentially fatal and the baby needs immediate surgery to relocate the abdominal organs and repair the diaphragm. In most cases, the baby must have respiratory support and a prolonged hospital stay after surgery. The outlook depends on how severely the lungs were affected by the overcrowding. The child may be prone to lung infections.

Exomphalos

Physical examination alone is usually enough to diagnose exomphalos. Following delivery, the baby needs surgery in the first days of life. If there is insufficient room to repair the hernia straight away, a special sack is stitched around it. This sack shrinks over time, gently pressing the intestines back into the abdomen. The hole can then be sutured closed. The baby may need a prolonged hospital stay.

Gastroschisis

Physical examination alone is usually enough to diagnose gastroschisis. Following delivery, the baby requires surgery in the first days of life. Treatment depends on the degree of the hernia and whether there is sufficient room inside the abdominal cavity to accept the herniated organs. If the baby’s abdomen is large enough, the organs are relocated inside the body and the hernia sewn shut. In severe cases, a mesh sack is sewn around the hernia and the repair operation performed at a later stage. If the intestines are damaged, the child may have digestion problems.

Where to Get Help

• Your GP (doctor)
• Paediatrician